Subclinical lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Enteritidis induces neuropeptide dysregulation in the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia

Abstract

Background: Despite increasing evidence that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affects the biological active substances of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) we have limited knowledge of the influence of a single low dose of LPS, which does not result in any clinical symptoms of disease (subclinical LPS) on neuropeptides connected with the sensory pathway. Accordingly, in this work, we investigated the influence of subclinical LPS from Salmonella Enteritidis on selected neuropeptides: substance P (SP), galanin (GAL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SOM) in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions of the DRG and spinal cord. Methods: This study was performed on immature female pigs of the Pietrain × Duroc breed. Seven days after the intravenous injection of saline solution for control animals (n = 5) and 5 μg/kg b.w. LPS from S. Enteritidis for the experimental group (n = 5), the DRG and the spinal cord were collected to extract the neuropeptides using solid-phase extraction technology. Results: Our results demonstrated that subclinical LPS in DRG was able to change the levels of all studied neuropeptides except SOM, whereas in the spinal cord it down-regulated all studied neuropeptides in the sacral spinal cord, maintaining the concentration of all studied neuropeptides in other regions similar to that observed in the control animals. The significant differences in the intensity and character of observed changes between particular regions of the DRG suggest that the exact functions of the studied neuropeptides and mechanisms of responses to subclinical LPS action depend on specific characteristics and functions of each examination region of DRG. Conclusions: The mechanisms of observed changes are not fully understood and require further study of the molecular interactions between subclinical LPS from S. Enteritidis and neuronal and non-neuronal cells of DRG and spinal cord. The peripheral and central pain pathways must be analysed with the aspect of unknown long-term consequences of the influence of subclinical LPS from S. Enteritidis on neuropeptides in the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia.