Geospatial Analysis of Chloride Hot Spots and Groundwater Vulnerability in Southern Ontario, Canada

Abstract

Elevated chloride (Cl−) concentrations in surface water and groundwater are an increasing concern in cold region urban environments, largely due to long-term road salt application. This study investigates the Cl− distribution across southern Ontario, Canada, using geospatial methods to identify contamination hot spots and assess groundwater vulnerability at both regional and watershed scales. Chloride data from 2001 to 2010 and 2011 to 2020 were compiled from public sources and interpolated using inverse distance weighting. A regional-scale vulnerability index was developed using slope (SL), surficial geology (SG), and land use (LU) (SL-SG-LU), and compared it to a more detailed DRASTIC-LU index within the Credit River watershed. Results show that Cl− hot spots are concentrated in urbanized areas, including the Greater Toronto Area and Golden Horseshoe, with some rural zones also exhibiting elevated concentrations. Vulnerability mapping corresponded well with the observed Cl− patterns and highlighted areas at risk for groundwater discharge to surface waters. While the DRASTIC-LU method offered finer resolution, the simplified SL-SG-LU index effectively captured broad vulnerability trends and is suitable for data-limited regions. This work provides a transferable framework for identifying Cl− risk areas and supports long-term monitoring and management strategies in cold climate watersheds.