Sex comparisons in the association of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes with cognitive function, depression, and quality of life: The Maastricht study

Abstract

Aims: There are sex differences in the excess risk of diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease. However, it is not clear whether these sex differences exist with regard to other complications like mental health aspects. Therefore, we investigated sex differences in the association of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) with cognitive function, depression, and quality of life (QoL). Materials and Methods: In a population-based cross-sectional cohort study (n = 7639; age 40–75 years, 50% women, 25% T2D), we estimated sex-specific associations, and differences therein, of prediabetes and T2D (reference: normal glucose metabolism) with measures of cognitive function, depression, and physical and mental QoL. Sex differences were analysed using multiple regression models with interaction terms. Results: In general, T2D, but not prediabetes, was associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment, major depressive disorder, and poorer QoL. The odds ratio (OR) of cognitive impairment associated with T2D was 1.29 (95% CI: 0.96–1.72) for women and 1.39 (1.10–1.75) for men. The OR of major depressive disorder associated with T2D was 1.19 (0.69–2.04) for women and 1.68 (1.02–2.75) for men. The mean difference of the physical QoL score (ranging from 0 to 100, with 100 indicating the best possible QoL) associated with T2D was −2.09 (−2.92 to −1.25) for women and −1.81 (−2.48 to −1.13) for men. The mean difference of the mental QoL score associated with T2D was −0.90 (−1.79 to −0.02) for women and −0.52 (−1.23 to 0.20) for men. There was no clear pattern of sex differences in the associations of either prediabetes or T2D with measures of cognitive function, depression, or QoL. Conclusions: In general, T2D was associated with worse cognitive function, depression, and poorer QoL. The strength of these associations was similar among women and men.