Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Predictors of Response to Cognitive Stimulation Interventions in Dementia: A Systematic Review Aiming for Personalization †

Abstract

Despite the extensive evidence supporting the effectiveness of cognitive stimulation, differences in results may be due to the influence of cognitive and non-cognitive aspects in people with dementia. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the most reliable variables in forecasting the effectiveness of cognitive stimulation in people with mild to moderate dementia. According to PRISMA guidelines, the research was conducted using five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science, APA PsycInfo), considering randomized controlled trials. A total of six studies were included. Different aspects moderating the gain resulting from cognitive intervention were collected and assessed in terms of demographic, cognitive, emotional, social, and quality of life parameters. People with dementia benefit more from cognitive intervention if they are female, if they have a low formal education level, a low baseline level of cognitive function, and lower depressive symptoms, and if caregivers actively participate in sessions. Quality of life, if low at baseline, also seems to improve following CST intervention. A deeper understanding of the cognitive and non-cognitive aspects ensuring improvement after cognitive stimulation may guide future research to develop more personalized interventions.