Dysregulation of Central–Medial Amygdala Histone Modifiers in Preclinical Models of Ethanol Exposure

Abstract

This narrative review examines recent advances in understanding the epigenetic and transcriptional dynamics of the central–medial amygdala across different stages of ethanol use. It covers the various models and protocols of ethanol administration, emphasizing their strengths and limitations in helping understand ethanol-induced changes in brain and behaviour. The findings from protocols utilizing acute, chronic-intermittent ethanol (CIE) and chronic-continuous ethanol (CCE) exposure are summarized into a proposed mechanism of epigenetic dysregulation and neuroadaptation, spanning from initial ethanol exposure to withdrawal and its influence on gene expression and neuronal activity. This review also explores potential epigenetic targets for therapeutic intervention. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie histone remodelling during initial ethanol exposure, chronic exposure, and withdrawal has the potential to elucidate novel cessation strategies tailored to specific stages of alcohol use disorder (AUD).