Blood pressure levels among tribal populations of India: a multi-center cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background: This study aims to report the variability in blood pressure levels among tribal populations inhabiting different geographical regions of India. Further, it reports the association of some socio-demographic, behavioral, and anthropometric variables on blood pressure levels. Material and methods: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in tribal-dominated districts from six Indian states located in different geographies. Blood pressure, anthropometric, behavioral, and socio-demographic data were collected from 8,724 adults. Univariate and multivariable regression models were used to examine the association of various factors with blood pressure levels. Results: The mean systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels show a significant gender difference, with men having higher levels. Both SBP and DBP exhibit an increasing trend with age, and variations exist among states. Mean levels among participants not on antihypertensive medication are slightly higher than the total participants, and approximately 11% of men and 8.56% of women are on antihypertensive drugs. Multiple regression analysis indicates gender, age, waist-hip ratio, BMI, tribe type, and village type are highly significant (p < 0.001) in both SBP and DBP levels. State of residence is highly significant (p < 0.000) in DBP only. Alcohol consumption (p < 0.000) is significant for SBP but not for DBP. Association with smoking, smokeless tobacco use, and extra salt consumption are not significant. Conclusion: Hypertension, thereby blood pressure levels, are on the rise among Indian tribal populations due to association with obesity and other preventable factors. Acculturation is an underlying factor, emphasizing the impact on diverse populations, including lower socioeconomic strata like tribal communities.