Cloud processing of nitrate

Abstract

The role of clouds in the transport and transformation of tropospheric pollutants was investigated through airborne measurements made out of Cleveland, Ohio, from 21 July to 18 August 2004, as part of the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 program. Observations of gas-phase nitrate, size-resolved particulate nitrate, cloud water nitrate, and size-distributed cloud residual nitrate are used to examine changes in the partitioning of nitrate from precloud to postcloud as a function of particle size. The [NO 3 - ]/[SO 4 2- ] ratio was highest in the bulk cloud water and higher in the cloud droplet residuals compared with the below-cloud aerosols. Most of the nitrate entered the cloud water as HNO 3, and in 30% of 43 size distributions examined, the nitrate in the cloud droplets was found in residual particle sizes smaller than those of sulfate. Simulations from a trace gas-aerosol-cloud parcel model show that this size difference results from differences in the processes by which nitrate and sulfate enter cloud water. The transfer of HNO 3 to cloud droplets is governed primarily by gas-phase mass transfer to the droplets, leading to greater accumulation in the smaller, more numerous droplets with higher total surface area. In contrast, much of the sulfate in the cloud water is the result of nucleation scavenging, which distributes the sulfate mass toward slightly larger sizes. The extent of separation between nitrate and sulfate is dependent on the cloud base sulfate size distribution and the factors that govern both HNO 3 and SO 2 uptake, with subsequent S(IV) oxidation.