Genetic variation of the platelet- surface integrin GPIIb-IIIa (PIA1/A2-SNP) shows a high association with Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis. The gene encoding the β3-subunit (GPIIIa) of the platelet α2β3-integrin (fibrinogen receptor) shows a polymorphism PIA1/A2 with the A2 allele putatively associated with an increased risk of acute ischaemic events. This study investigated whether Type 2 diabetes as a particular macrovascular risk factor associates with the thrombogenic PIA2 genotype. Methods. The PIA genotype was determined in 112 consecutive Type 2 diabetic patients additionally classified according to the presence of macrovascular disease. Forty-four non-diabetic patients with angiografically documented cardiovascular disease (CAD/ AMI) and a further 59 non-diabetic subjects with no angiografical signs of CAD were investigated as genomic background control (n=103). PIA-genotyping was carried out by standard restriction fragment length analysis (RFLA) of PCR amplified lymphocyte template DNA. Results. The overall allelic PIA2- prevalence accounted to 34.8% (39/112) in diabetic patients as compared to 14.6% (15/103) in non-diabetic patients [OR 3.1 (1.6-6.1), p<0.01].This odds ratio increased to 7.0 (2.5-19.7), (p<0.01) in subjects free of criteria of macrovascular disease. In non-diabetic control subjects without CAD there was an allelic PIA2 frequency of 10.2% (6/59) as compared to 20.5% (9/44) in patients with CAD and a history of AMI being less than either diabetes subgroup. The PIA2 prevalence in the subgroup of diabetes patients with macrovascular complications did not differ from the respective value in patients without macrovascular disease. [29.0% (20/69) vs. 44.2% (19/43)]. Conclusion/interpretation. This study confirms a trendwise association of PIA2 with severe coronary artery disease, but rather suggests an even stronger, highly significant association with the metabolic condition of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. This justifies the speculation that pathways dependent on the platelet α2β3 integrin physiology could be implicated in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes which lends further support to the "common soil" hypothesis of diabetes and vascular disease.