The Mechanism of Ferroptosis and Blood–Brain Barrier Damage in Cerebrovascular Diseases

Abstract

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a vital protective structure that prevents harmful substances in the blood from entering the central nervous system while maintaining homeostasis. Its dysfunction can lead to significant pathological changes and contribute to various neurological disorders, such as stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. BBB damage of varying degrees is observed in nearly all cerebrovascular diseases, yet the specific mechanisms remain largely unclear. Growing evidence indicates that ferroptosis—an iron-dependent, lipid peroxidation-driven form of regulated cell death—is a major pathway contributing to BBB disruption. Ferroptosis affects multiple key brain cell types, including endothelial cells, glial cells, pericytes, and neurons, potentially leading to BBB dysfunction in cerebrovascular diseases. This article explores the role of ferroptosis in different types of cerebrovascular diseases and its effects on various cells. It covers the latest research in this area and highlights the potential benefits of targeting ferroptosis, including protecting the blood–brain barrier, reducing neuroinflammation, and protecting neurons.