Perbedaan Kualitas Hidup antara Berbagai Metode Manajemen Nyeri pada Pasien Nyeri Kronis

Abstract

Concerns over elevated nitrate (NO3-) levels found in groundwaternear former biosolid stockpiling locations resulted in the MaineDepartment of Environmental Protection (MDEP) imposing stricter regulationsgoverning the stockpiling of biosolids in Oct. 2002. The goals ofthis study were to measure the amt. and speciation of nitrogen (N)and trace metals leaving stockpiled biosolids and travelling throughthe soil column. The biosolids were placed on plastic-lined cellsto collect all leachate. Ammonium (NH4+), ranging from 2000 to 4900mg/L-1, was the dominant N species (90% of total N) in the leachatefrom the Class B lime-stabilized biosolids in the lined cell expt.Nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) concns. were negligible, remainingbelow 0.25 and 0.1 mg/L-1, resp. Dissolved org. carbon (DOC) concns.as high as 8900 mg/L-1 and COD as high as 37 000 mg/L-1 were measuredin the leachate leaving the lined cell. Fifteen zero-tension panlysimeters (ZTP-lysimeter) were installed in a 90 m2 plot at depthintervals of 30, 60, and 100 cm. Leachate passing through the soilcolumn underlying the biosolids stockpile was collected in the ZTP-lysimeters.The av. ZTP-lysimeter NH4+ concns. ranged from 1400 mg L-1 at 60cm depth to 145 mg L-1 at 90 cm depth. The av. ZTP-lysimeter DOCconcns. ranged from 2000 mg L-1 at 60 cm to 525 mg L-1 at 90 cm.Trace metal detns. of the leachate collected from the lined celland ZTP-lysimeters showed arsenic loading rates exceeded the statelimits of 0.5 kg ha-1 year-1 by an order of magnitude. Arsenic concns.were in excess of several thousand milligrams per L in the lined-cellleachate and several hundred milligrams per L in the ZTP-lysimetersas deep as 90 cm under the biosolid stockpile. Phosphorus, iron andmanganese in excess of several thousand milligrams per L were obsd.in both the lined-cell leachate and ZTP-lysimeters. Significant concns.of other trace metals were found at depth in the zero-tension ZTP-lysimeterplot. Trace metals were largely mobilized by the DOC from the biosolidsand due to the presence of anaerobic environment, esp. in the underlyingsoil. [on SciFinder(R)]