Doping of C60 fullerene peapods with lithium vapor: Raman spectroscopic and spectroelectrochemical studies

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy and in situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry have been applied to the study of the lithium vapor doping of C60@SWCNTs (peapods; SWCNT=single-walled carbon nanotube). A strong degree of doping was proven by the disappearance of the radial breathing mode (RBM) of the SWCNTs and by the attenuation of the tangential (TG) band intensity by two orders of magnitude. The lithium doping causes a downshift of the Ag(2) mode of the intratubular C60 by 27 cm-1 and changes the resonance condition of the encapsulated fullerene. In contrast to potassium vapor doping, the strong downshift of the TG band was not observed for lithium doping. The peapods treated with lithium vapor remained partially doped even when they were exposed to humid air. This was reflected by a reduction in the intensity of the nanotube and the fullerene modes and by the change in the shape of the RBM band compared with that of the undoped sample. The Ag(2) mode of the intratubular fullerene was not resolved after contact of the lithium-doped sample with water. Lithium insertion into the interior of a peapod and its strong interaction with the intratubular fullerene is suggested to be responsible for the air-insensitive residual doping. This residual doping was confirmed by in situ spectroelectrochemical measurements. The TG band of the lithiumdoped peapods did not undergo an upshift during the anodic doping, which points to the formation of a stable exohedral metallofullerene peapod. © 2008 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.