Dominance relationships in female groups of red deer: seasonal changes

Abstract

A study is made on agonistic interactions and dominance relationships in female groups of wild red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), in terms of age-sex classes, and comparing the periods before and after the rut. A decrease in interaction rates and the arising of reversals was found from pre-breeding to post-breeding. Seasonal changes are discussed in relation to availability of resources and development of individuals.