Downregulation of BCRP and anti-apoptotic proteins by proadifen (SKF-525A) is responsible for the enhanced mitoxantrone accumulation and toxicity in mitoxantrone-resistant human promyelocytic leukemia cells

Abstract

Multidrug resistance caused by the overexpression of ABC transporter proteins in cancer cells remains a major obstacle limiting chemotherapy efficacy. Drugs inhibiting these transporters have been shown to increase the anti-proliferative properties of chemotherapeutics. As we previously described, proadifen, a P450 monooxygenase inhibitor, might also be able to inhibit some ABC transporters, including breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Because mitoxantrone (MTX) is a strong BCRP substrate and is often used in the treatment of leukemia, we investigated the effect of 24 h proadifen pre-treatment on the cytotoxicity of MTX in leukemic cell lines that are sensitive to MTX (HL-60) and MTX-resistant ABCG2-overexpressing subclone (cBCRP). We show for the first time that proadifen is able to enhance the cytotoxic properties of MTX in cBCRP cells, particularly through the inhibition of BCRP expression and activity. This proadifen-MTX synergism was also mediated by the inhibition of various cellular proteins engaged in apoptosis, including Mc-1, Bcl-xL, survivin and activation of procaspase-3. Proadifen also decreased the expression of γH2AX, which is involved in the recruitment of reparation proteins. Moreover, the inhibition of DNA damage repair proteins Ku86 and B23 after proadifen treatment indicate a possible role of proadifen in DNA repair blockage, thus suppressing the reparation rate of MTX-induced DSBs.