Indigenous Theologies in Indonesia: Syncretism, State Recognition, and the Resilience of Aliran Kepercayaan

Abstract

This article provides a thorough examination of indigenous theology in Indonesia by focusing on the following six belief systems: Kejawen, Sunda Wiwitan, Kaharingan, Marapu, Ada’ Mappurondo, and Parmalim. The study considers their concepts of god, the cosmos, rituals, ethics, and the interplay of their religion with hegemonic faiths and state politics. Guided by a postcolonial lens and indigenous theory, this article illustrates the complexity of Indonesian identity involving religion and highlights the contradiction of how syncretic and multi-dimensional it defies the rigid frameworks ascribed to religion. Such an examination also shows how the state engages with these beliefs is often more of a calculated scheme than genuine goodwill. Following the 2017 Constitutional Court ruling, there was a significant increase in legal recognition, but there is still a lack of social acceptance, discrimination, and other legal social challenges. This study advocates for a more inclusive and decolonial lens when examining the Archipelago’s asserted spiritual scarcity, as well as the role of indigenous theology in fostering social and ecological harmony.