Discontinuation of Classic Toy Play vs. Digital Play Among 8–10-Year-Old Children: A Systematic Scoping Review

Abstract

Unstructured free play among children has declined, while digital play via screens has increased, raising developmental concerns. A recent synthesis of this shift is lacking. To review studies (2020–2025) on the decline of unstructured play and rise of digital play in children aged 8–10 and to examine developmental implications, including psychodynamic insights. However, only a minority of included studies reported outcomes specifically for 8–10-year-olds; therefore, age-specific inferences partly rely on studies with broader samples (e.g., 6–12 years), interpreted cautiously. Following PRISMA, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Thirty-five peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria. Data were narratively synthesized. Thirty-five peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria; twenty-two primary empirical studies were synthesized in detail. Age reporting was often broad (e.g., 6–12 years), and outcome measures were heterogeneous, precluding formal meta-analysis. Findings show reduced free play and increased screen time, with digital use linked to poorer sleep, less activity, and social–emotional risks. Free play supported creativity and regulation. Effect sizes of the selected studies were generally consistent with cross-sectional associations across studies, though effect sizes varied and were not pooled. Balanced play is essential. Unstructured play fosters key developmental skills that digital engagement may not fully replace.