Resolving Inflammation in CKD: The Potential of SPMs and Omega-3 Derivatives as Biomarkers and Therapeutics

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more than 10% of the population and is associated with a persistent, low-grade inflammatory state that accelerates tubulointerstitial fibrosis, worsens prognosis, and increases cardiovascular risk. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) in the context of CKD pathophysiology, biomarkers, and therapeutic potential. We discuss key anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mechanisms of SPMs that translate into nephroprotective and antifibrotic effects in experimental kidney models. The review summarizes data on EPA/DHA supplementation, including its impact on lipid profiles, inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α), and oxidative stress in patients with CKD. We also highlight contemporary analytical methods for biomarker assessment (LC-MS/MS, UHPLC-HRMS) and their potential for monitoring inflammatory activity across its phases (initiation, attenuation, resolution), CKD progression, and responses to ω-3/SPM-based interventions. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of SPMs, as well as safety considerations and pharmacological interactions. In conclusion, SPMs and ω-3-derived mediators represent promising research and clinical targets as markers and modulators of inflammation in CKD, but require further validation in well-designed prospective studies.