Municipal solid waste management in Portugal using material flow analysis: regional assessment

Abstract

The rapid economic and utility value loss of materials, which then become waste, has brought several challenges in managing municipal solid waste (MSW). Material Flow Analysis (MFA) is widely employed in MSW management for its ability to provide in-depth analysis of waste quantitative flows, providing a robust baseline for further environmental and economic assessments. In complex, interdisciplinary decision-making, a clear identification of MSW management (MSWM) systems is essential, particularly for efficient resource use at regional scales. This study applied MFA to assess MSWM systems at both national and regional levels across Portugal for 2015, 2020, and 2021, analyzing seven regions, including mainland Portugal. Data were sourced from annual sector reports. Results indicate substantial regional disparities, with landfill disposal rates ranging from ~ 40% in metropolitan areas to as high as 84% in other regions—falling short of European Union targets. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated landfill use across all regions. Despite high household organic waste generation, organic valorization remains limited, and residual fractions sent to landfills are also high. Increasing investments in source separation, especially for organic waste, and waste valorization facilities would enhance material valorization and reduce landfill dependence. This study underscores the urgent need for solutions to achieve ambitious targets.