Sustainability of citrus production: Implications from a water footprint analysis in Tucumán, Argentina

Abstract

This study examines how water is used in lemon production in Argentina under varying climate conditions. This paper describes methods for estimating lemons' water footprint (WF), emphasizing their relevance in modern times. The study uses CLIMWAT 2.0 and CROPWAT 8.0 software and a local weather database. The WF of lemon production was estimated at 184.99 m3/t under rainfed conditions and 174.79 m3/t under irrigation. The analysis accounts for all life cycle stages and includes green, blue and grey WF components. Lemon juice concentration impacts green, blue and grey WF values. Fertigation can reduce WF by supplying water-soluble fertilizers, soil amendments and other water-soluble products via irrigation systems. The innovative approach maximizes crop productivity while minimizing environmental impact. The results provide valuable insights into strategies for achieving sustainable citrus production. Highlights: The water footprint of lemon production in Tucumán, Argentina was estimated at 184.99 m3/t under rainfed and 174.79 m3/t under irrigated conditions. Lemon production and juice concentration significantly increases the grey water footprint due to effluent discharge. Fertigation reduces total water footprint by integrating irrigation with the application of water-soluble inputs.