Behavior of Formaldehyde Adsorption on ZnO [1011] Facets: A DFT Study

Abstract

Formaldehyde is a toxic gas commonly found in industrial emissions, and ZnO is widely used for its detection due to its excellent gas-sensing properties. Most studies focus on non-polar or low-index ZnO surfaces, whereas investigations on high-index polar surfaces remain limited. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) was employed to study CH2O adsorption on the ZnO [(Formula presented.)] surface. By exploring various coverages, adsorption sites, and unit cell dimensions, ten stable configurations were identified. A maximum adsorption energy of −2.19 eV/CH2O on configuration S1 was obtained, surpassing reported low-index surfaces. Strong adsorption originated from dual unsaturated Zn bonds, which promoted C–C formation between CH2O molecules and induced synergistic Zn–O bonding. Adsorption further led to sp3-like hybridization and O 2p/Zn 3d orbital interactions, significantly narrowing the band gap. Electron redistribution, as evidenced by charge density analysis, revealed strong electronic modulation. This work clarifies the microscopic mechanism of ZnO high-index surfaces, offering insights for optimizing gas-sensing materials.