Virtual Reality and Education in Kizil Cave Murals: Multisensory Interaction for Heritage Sustainability

Abstract

The remote and fragile Kizil Cave murals present a rich educational value for ancient Buddhist artworks in the Silk Road, China. Virtual reality (VR) offers a sustainable and non-invasive medium to experience these murals, while expanding access and protecting the original site. This article introduces a controller-free, multisensory VR teaching experience that uses full-body motion and haptic interaction to support embodied cognition and immersive learning. By allowing learners to see, hear, and physically engage with mural narratives, the system fosters both deeper understanding and emotional connection to the heritage. This approach advances UNESCO's sustainable development goal (SDG) 4 (quality education) by enhancing learning outcomes, SDG 10 (reduced inequalities) by broadening access across diverse user groups, and SDG 11.4 (heritage protection) by supporting digital preservation and public awareness. Drawing on recent research in haptic democratization and inclusive design, the study illustrates how user participation, multisensory interaction, and accessibility can be integrated into a practical and equitable model for heritage education. The interdisciplinary framework offers relevant knowledge for scholars and practitioners in heritage studies, immersive learning, and sustainable development.