Prevalence and Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy in Ghana

Abstract

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is highly prevalent in Ghana. Yet, knowledge of context-specific risk factors remains limited. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of IDA among 394 pregnant women (aged 15–49 years) attending antenatal care at Ejura Municipal Hospital. A cross-sectional design guided by Engel's biopsychosocial model was employed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and IDA status was determined via hemoglobin (Hb) levels or a full blood count, following the WHO definition of anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL). Overall and subgroup prevalence were estimated, and risk factors were analyzed using logistic regression. Participants' ages ranged from 15 to 46 years, with a mean of 29 years. About 46.5% were 30 years or older, 67.0% resided in Hiawoanwu and Mpaebo, and 48.7% were Ewe or Sisala. The prevalence of IDA was 81.0%, indicating a high burden. Unemployed women were 3.55 times more likely to be anemic than farmers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.55, 95% CI: 1.41–8.91, p = 0.01), and women not taking malaria prophylaxis were more likely to be anemic than those who did (AOR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.19–4.04, p = 0.01), after adjusting for age, ethnicity, and residence. The study identified both established and context-specific risk factors, highlighting the need to revise educational guidelines, implement skills training, and replicate research in other settings. The high prevalence of IDA underscores its significance as a critical public health issue.