Gujarati, D., Basic econometrics

Abstract

We report on the reflection properties of multimode interference(MMI) devices: we distinguish between reflection back into the inputwaveguides and internal resonance modes due to the occurrence ofsimultaneous self-images. Because of self-imaging, reflection can beextremely efficient, even in the case of MMI devices with optimizedtransmission. This conclusion is confirmed by the observed spectralbehavior of InP-based ring lasers incorporating MMI 3 dB couplers andMMI power splitters. Several techniques are proposed to minimize theinfluence of these reflections