The Role of Titanium Particles and Ions in the Pathogenesis of Peri-Implantitis

Abstract

Titanium (Ti) particles and ions have been investigated in recent years as important factors in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis. However, their role in the pathogenesis is yet to be fully understood. A review of pertinent literature was performed in various databases to determine the current position of Ti particles and ions role in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis. There are several in vitro, preclinical and clinical published studies that have addressed the role of Ti particles and ions in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis. These studies explored the effect of Ti particles and ions in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis with respect to foreign body reaction, cellular response, epigenetic mechanisms, namely DNA methylation, and the oral microbiome. Studies have shown that the release of Ti particles/ions during implant insertion, early healing stages, late healing stages, and treatments during peri-implantitis might contribute to peri-implantitis through different mechanisms, such as foreign body reaction, cellular response, DNA methylation, and shaping the oral microbiome by increasing dysbiosis. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the complex interactions between all these mechanisms and Ti particles/ions in the pathogenesis and progression of peri-implantitis. The study was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (2018-02891), the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF agreement (ALFGBG-725641), the IngaBritt and Arne Lundberg Foundation, the Sylvan Foundation and the Area of Advance Materials of Chalmers and GU Biomaterials within the Strategic Research Area initiative launched by the Swedish government. MFK is supported by the Osteology research scholarship (Osteology Foundation, Lucerne, Switzerland). For this study, MFK also received additional funding from the Hjalmar Svensson Foundation (Grant number: HJSV2022015).