Modulatory effects of Kratom extract on the gut microbiota of rats: implications for health

Abstract

Background: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a plant native to Southeast Asia, is commonly used as a supplement for fatigue, pain relief, mood enhancement, and euphoria. Kratom extract exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gastrointestinal effects, with studies showing its ability to modulate gut microbiota and stimulate beneficial bacteria growth. Given these properties, kratom treatment may produce significant effects in a rat model, warranting further investigation. Methods: Male Wistar rats were administered kratom extract orally on a daily basis for 28 days. Fresh fecal samples were collected and analyzed for changes in gut microbiome composition using 16S rRNA sequencing. Hematological parameters and lipid profiles were also measured to evaluate any systemic effects. Results: The administration of kratom extract did not significantly affect hematological parameters or lipid profiles. However, notable changes were observed in gut microbiota composition, with significant increases in specific bacteria such as Candidatus Stoquefichus and Prevotellaceae UCG-001, and a decrease in Corynebacterium. LEfSe and cladogram analyses corroborated the higher prevalence of Candidatus Stoquefichus, Prevotellaceae UCG-001, and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae in the kratom treatment group compared to controls. Conclusions: Kratom extract significantly alters gut microbiome composition in rats, promoting beneficial bacteria while also elevating certain taxa associated with negative health outcomes. These mixed effects highlight the need for further research on the long-term implications of kratom use for gut health and its broader health consequences, as well as potential therapeutic applications. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.