Relationship between hypertension incidence and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) frequently coexists with hypertension, significantly heightening cardiovascular and renal risks. While both conditions are prevalent, their interrelationship – particularly the influence of glycemic control on hypertension incidence – remains underexplored in regional Indian populations. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between glycemic control (measured by hemoglobin [HbA1c]) and hypertension in T2DM patients, and assess the influence of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), diabetes duration, comorbidities, and lifestyle factors. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 250 T2DM patients at Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi, from July 2024 to April 2025. Data on demographic, clinical, biochemical, and lifestyle parameters were collected. Blood pressure was categorized using JNC 8 criteria, and HbA1c levels were used to stratify glycemic control. Statistical associations were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences v21, with P<0.05 considered significant. Results: Out of 250 patients, 170 (68%) were hypertensive. Poor glycemic control (HbA1c >8.5%) was significantly associated with hypertension (P=0.03). Other significant associations included higher BMI (P=0.02), longer diabetes duration (P=0.02), dyslipidemia (P=0.01), and smoking (P=0.04). Hypertension prevalence increased progressively with HbA1c levels and duration of diabetes. Conclusion: Hypertension is highly prevalent among T2DM patients and is strongly associated with poor glycemic control. Integrated management strategies targeting both glycemia and blood pressure are essential to reduce cardiovascular risks in diabetic populations.