Ultrasound of the Urinary System

Abstract

Stranguria is a common presenting complaint with camelids. Ultrasound, performed percutaneously and transrectally, is a noninvasive and effective way to evaluate potential problems associated with the urinary system. Most structures of the urinary system can be imaged effectively with a 5- to 7.5-MHz linear probe both transrectal and transabdominal. Standing or cushed (sternal) positions are used. It is easiest to evaluate the urinary bladder, ureters, and kidneys with the animal standing when viewing transabdominally. Camelids often object to touching the abdomen and will preferentially cush into sternal position. Both kidneys may be imaged through the respective paralumbar fossa. Neonates and juveniles may be imaged through the caudal-ventral abdomen with the probe directed dorsally. Clinicians need to use caution when utilizing the linear probe per rectum. Image quality is improved by first infusing lubricant into the rectum with a syringe.