A Comparative Review on Genome Editing Approaches

Abstract

Genome editing is a precise modification of the genome in many organisms using engineered nucleases as an emerging and powerful technique. All genome editing tools are relied on creating double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at the target locus followed by subsequent repair through either homology-directed repair (HDR) or non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways which are capable of producing desired genetic modifications. The main genome editing tools include zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and CRISPR/Cas9 system. By creating precise genotype modifications, these tools can create different phenotypes in various sciences, especially medicine, biological research, and biotechnology. Genome modification in model organisms has been possible with the emersion of TALENs since 2010. Then, in 2013, the CRISP/Cas9 system caused the beginning of a new era of genome editing research, which can be considered a revolution in biology. Furthermore, in the near future, genome editing will be able to treat the treatment of genetic diseases. In addition, the prospect of genome editing in producing different crops and livestock with useful characteristics is also promising. These products are known as edited crops that are not genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In this review, the main genome editing tools will be introduced and compared briefly.