Removal from Water of Some Pharmaceuticals by Photolysis and Photocatalysis: Kinetic Models

Abstract

Pharmaceutical residues are emerging contaminants of growing concern due to their persistence and poor removal efficiency in conventional wastewater treatment plants. This study evaluates UVC photolysis with type C ultraviolet radiation (UVC) and UVC/TiO2 photocatalysis of a mixture of four pharmaceuticals—atenolol (ATL), acetaminophen (ACM), clofibric acid (CLA), and antipyrine (ANT)—commonly found in treated urban wastewater. A comprehensive kinetic model was developed to describe their degradation, taking into account the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS): hydroxyl (HO●), superoxide ion (O2●−) radicals, and singlet oxygen (1O2), along with their reactions with both the pharmaceuticals and dissolved organic matter. Direct quantum yields were determined as 8.05 × 10−3 mol·Einstein−1 for ATL, 1.93 × 10−3 for ACM, 3.12 × 10−1 for CLA, and 5.12 × 10−2 for ANT. In addition, rate constants of the reactions between singlet oxygen and pharmaceuticals were 9.93, 1.3 × 106, 1.18 × 102, and 1.14 × 104 M−1s−1 for ATL, ACM, CLA, and ANT, respectively. Scavenger experiments confirmed the key role of the ROS involved. The model reproduces the inhibitory effect of natural organic matter in secondary effluent and, in most cases, treated, accurately predicts the concentration profiles of the pharmaceuticals. Under photocatalytic conditions (0.10 g·L−1 TiO2), all compounds were completely degraded in less than 15 min. This validated model provides a useful tool for understanding the degradation mechanisms of pharmaceutical mixtures and for supporting the design of effective water strategies based on photochemical processes.