AI-Generated Misinformation: A Case Study on Emerging Trends in Fact-Checking Practices Across Brazil, Germany, and the United Kingdom

Abstract

Given the rapid rise of (generative) artificial intelligence (AI) and the global proliferation of AI-generated misinformation, research on how deceptive narratives are created, disseminated, and addressed has become increasingly urgent. This case study investigates emerging trends in fact-checking practices related to AI-generated misinformation across Brazil, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Adopting a mixed-methods approach that combines a quantitative content analysis of 136 verification articles (2023–2024) and 13 expert interviews, this study (1) maps emerging trends in AI-generated misinformation, (2) examines current detection methods and debunking strategies employed by fact-checkers, and (3) explores how fact-checkers assess the spread of AI-generated misinformation and respond to its challenges. While the overall scope of verified AI-generated misinformation remains limited, the findings underscore its growing potential to disrupt the information ecosystem. The results revealed notable country-specific variations in topics, targets, intentions, AI elements, generative models, detection methods, and debunking strategies.