Mechanistic Insights in Surface Engineering of Micro-/Nanocomposite Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Review

Abstract

The escalating global demand for efficient thermal energy storage, a direct consequence of rapid urbanization, has positioned phase change materials (PCMs) as highly promising candidates. Their ability to absorb and release substantial amounts of latent heat during phase transitions, such as melting and solidification, offers a distinct advantage in various energy storage applications. This comprehensive review delves into the advancements in surface-engineered PCM composites, with a particular focus on elucidating the chemical mechanisms underlying their enhanced performance. The diverse chemical compositions of these composites, encompassing organic, inorganic, and metal oxide systems, and their applicability across a wide spectrum of energy storage needs is explored. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of preparation strategies, phase change temperature ranges, and melting points of nanostructured PCM composites is provided, aiming to clarify the fundamental energy storage mechanisms at play. The significant performance improvements achieved through the incorporation of carbon-based additives, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon nanoparticles, are highlighted, attributing their effectiveness to their superior thermal conductivity. Finally, this review outlines potential future research directions, emphasizing the broad applicability of advanced PCM composites in addressing the growing challenges of sustainable energy storage.