Cloud point extraction in flow-based systems

Abstract

Cloud point extraction is a green alternative for separation and preconcentration, whose advantages are magnified by coupling with flow analysis. This results in fast extractions, with improved precision and lower reagent consumption and waste generation. Mechanization has been carried out mainly by flow injection analysis, but feasibility of innovative approaches including sequential injection analysis, multipumping flow systems and lab-in-syringe approaches have also been demonstrated. The approaches for flow-based cloud point extraction are critically revised by taking system designs and operational aspects into account. Applications in environmental, agronomic and food samples as well as biological fluids are also discussed.