Cultural Dimensions of Energy Transitions and Clean Cooking in Informal Settlements: The Case of Mukuru, Nairobi

Abstract

This study aims to understand the environmental aspects of energy transitions and clean cooking in informal settlements by focusing on domestic practices, gender roles, and employment status in Mukuru, Nairobi. Adopting a mixed-method approach, household surveys and focus group discussions (FGDs), the research asks: What drives the adoption of clean cooking in informal settlements? How are economic conditions and cultural norms intertwined in women’s energy choices and use? Findings reveal a significant shift towards liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), primarily motivated by health concerns. However, while higher-income households show a clear preference for clean fuels, female-headed, single, and unemployed households remain reliant on polluting fuels, showing how social norms and employment status mediate access to clean fuels and appliance ownership. Government investment in the provision of domestic LPG could substantially improve the living conditions of vulnerable groups. Crucially, the study shows that energy transitions do not occur through economic change alone, and cultural norms must be addressed.