Lost in transition! Factors leading to NEET status in youth populations

Abstract

The NEET phenomenon poses persistent social and economic challenges, although its drivers remain context-dependent and unevenly distributed across space. This study conducts a systematic literature review (2015–2025) to synthesize determinants of youth NEET status through an explicitly spatial, multi-level lens (macro, meso, micro). Across 50 studies, we identify consistent macro influences–youth unemployment, labor precariousness, fiscal and social policies–together with meso factors tied to family background, education systems and school-to-work transitions, and micro determinants including gender, age and educational attainment. Evidence also shows marked territorial differentiation, with peripheral and rural regions displaying persistently higher risks due to constrained opportunity structures and weaker institutional capacity. Differentiating NEET-unemployed from NEET-inactive clarifies heterogeneous trajectories and policy needs. We translate findings into evidence-based, place-sensitive policy recommendations that combine structural reforms with targeted social and educational support, offering actionable insights for inclusive and resilient youth strategies. The review also outlines a future research agenda on digitalization, automation, green transitions, and rigorous comparative/longitudinal evaluation.