Accuracy of urine color to detect equal to or greater than 2% body mass loss in men

Abstract

Context: Clinicians and athletes can benefit from fieldexpedient measurement tools, such as urine color, to assess hydration state; however, the diagnostic efficacy of this tool has not been established. Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of urine color assessment to distinguish a hypohydrated state (≥ 2% body mass loss [BML]) from a euhydrated state (< 2% BML) after exercise in a hot environment. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: Environmental chamber in a laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-two healthy men (age = 22 ± 3 years, height = 180.4 ± 8.7 cm, mass = 77.9 ± 12.8 kg, body fat = 10.6% ± 4.6%). Intervention(s): Participants cycled at 68% ± 6% of their maximal heart rates in a hot environment (36°C ± 1°C) for 5 hours or until 5% BML was achieved. At the point of each 1% BML, we assessed urine color. Main Outcome Measure(s): Diagnostic efficacy of urine color was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios. Results: Urine color was useful as a diagnostic tool to identify hypohydration after exercise in the heat (area under the curve = 0.951, standard error = 0.022; P < .001). A urine color of 5 or greater identified BML ≥ 2% with 88.9% sensitivity and 84.8% specificity (positive likelihood ratio = 5.87, negative likelihood ratio = 0.13). Conclusions: Under the conditions of acute dehydration due to exercise in a hot environment, urine color assessment can be a valid, practical, inexpensive tool for assessing hydration status. Researchers should examine the utility of urine color to identify a hypohydrated state under different BML conditions.