Graphene oxide-modified hydroxyapatite nanocomposites in biomedical applications: A review

Abstract

Bacterial infection and cytotoxicity associated with implant materials used in medical devices are the major cause of implant failures. This review focusses upon the development of graphene oxide (GO) – hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocomposites as potential coating materials that can provide a solution to the rejection of implants. These nanocomposites combine the unique antibacterial properties of graphene oxide with the natural mineral composition of hydroxyapatite, as found in human bones and tooth enamel. They have potential antibacterial applications in the fields of orthopaedics, orthodontics and cardiovascular medicine. The methods used for preparation of HA and GO in addition to the combining of GO–HA nanocomposite are discussed. Cytotoxicity and antibacterial affects of GO and GO–HA to biological systems are examined as well as future applications in related fields.