Statins role in preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury: A scoping review

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Acute renal failure secondary to contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is one of the most commonly encountered problems in hospitalised patients. The CI-AKI may lead to the development of persistent renal disease, causing significant morbidity and mortality in high-risk patients. Statins are increasingly recognised as effective in preventing CI-AKI. In this review, we reviewed the literature on statin use for prophylaxis of CI-AKI, its potential benefits, and adverse effects. The aim of the present review was to reveal gaps and discrepancies in the available literature, and to identify areas for future research.  METHODS: We searched PubMed for articles published up to 2018, using keywords including: "Statins AND contrast-induced kidney injury", "3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors AND contras-induced kidney injury", and "HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors AND contrast induced nephropathy". RESULTS: Various trials and reviews have yielded promising results in terms of statin efficacy. However, conflicting results and a lack of homogeneity in the protocols of these trials have limited the applicability of statin-based therapy in clinical practice. Despite the reported beneficial therapeutic effects of short-term high-dosage statin use in preventing CI-AKI, statin therapy is not yet the standard prophylactic regimen due to widespread heterogeneity in the clinical trials.  CONCLUSION: Statin therapy can be used as an adjunct to usual prophylactic measures such as adequate hydration and use of low-volume contrast media. Large well-designed trials on the effects of short-term high-dose statin use in preventing CI-AKI should be conducted, to eliminate any form of discrepancy among results, and to clarify any potential adverse effects.