The Potential of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the Hemiboreal Baltic Region: A Review

Abstract

As European forests face increasing threats from climate change and disturbances, diversifying tree species can be a crucial strategy to safeguard their ecological functions and climate mitigation potential. European beech is a valuable tree species with a wide distribution across Central and Western Europe. While the current natural distribution of European beech does not extend to the Baltic states, climate change models indicate a potential northward range expansion. This suggests the possibility of introducing beech to Baltic forests as a proactive measure to enhance the future resilience of local forests to climate variability. Beech’s ability to adapt to changing climate conditions, coupled with its potential to enhance biodiversity and provide high-quality timber, makes it an attractive option for forest managers. However, successful establishment and growth of beech in the Baltic region will depend on various factors, including competition with native species, soil conditions, and microclimate. Beech stands in southwestern Lithuania and Latvia, originating from diverse European populations, demonstrate good adaptation. Despite fragmentation, they can serve as sources for beech expansion. However, assisted migration may be crucial to support natural regeneration and ensure the species’ long-term viability in the region. To fully assess the potential benefits and risks of beech introduction, further research is needed to understand its ecological interactions with local species and its response to specific site conditions. By carefully considering these factors, forest managers can develop effective strategies to promote beech’s establishment and growth, ultimately contributing to the resilience and sustainability of Baltic forests in the face of climate change.