A Perspective on Gastrointestinal Complications in COVID-19: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Research, Mechanisms, and Multidisciplinary Management

Abstract

The emergence of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has transformed our understanding of the disease, transcending its initial characterization as a respiratory ailment. Acknowledged now as a multisystem dysfunctional disorder, COVID-19 exhibits a diverse range of symptoms, notably affecting the Gastrointestinal (GI) system. This article delves into the evolving comprehension of COVID-19 as a multisystem disease, emphasizing its GI complications, including diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and stomach discomfort. The exploration encompasses clinical features, diagnostic methods, and research advancements related to COVID-19's impact on the GI system. It accentuates the intricate link between gut and lung health, advocating a multidisciplinary approach for patients with GI involvement. The review addresses innovative diagnostic techniques tailored for GI symptoms and discusses emerging trends and breakthroughs in clinical research. Moreover, it analyzes the mechanisms underpinning COVID-associated GI damage, emphasizing the interplay between gut and lung pathophysiology, thereby deepening our understanding of the disease process. The article proposes a comprehensive approach to managing COVID-19 patients with GI complications, advocating stringent hygiene, detailed patient history analysis, consideration of preexisting conditions, and exploration of various treatments, such as microbiome-targeted therapeutics, ACE2 inhibitors, antibiotics, plasma therapy, and vaccines. Additionally, it highlights the role of nutritional supplements and vitamins in supporting GI health during COVID-19. This content offers valuable insights for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers, providing a roadmap for effective multidisciplinary management tailored to GI manifestations in the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a thorough examination of clinical aspects, diagnostics, mechanisms, and management strategies, this review contributes significantly to the collective knowledge, enhancing our ability to combat COVID-19 comprehensively.