Performance of elastic x-ray shield made by embedding Bi2O3 particles in porous polyurethane

Abstract

Background: Many healthcare institutions have guidelines concerning the usage of protective procedures, and various x-ray shields have been used to reduce unwanted radiation exposure to medical staff and patients when using x-rays. Most x-ray shields are in the form of sheets and lack elasticity, which limits their effectiveness in shielding areas with movement, such as the thyroid. To overcome this limitation, we have developed an innovative elastic x-ray shield. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explain the methodology for developing and evaluating a novel elastic x-ray shield with sufficient x-ray shielding ability. Furthermore, valuable knowledge and evaluation indices are derived to assess our shield's performance. Methods: Our x-ray shield was developed through a process of embedding Bi2O3 particles into porous polyurethane. Porous polyurethane with a thickness of 10 mm was dipped into a solution of water, metal particles, and chemical agents. Then, it was air-dried to fix the metal particles in the porous polyurethane. Thirteen investigational x-ray shields were fabricated, in which Bi2O3 particles at various mass thicknesses (ranging from 585 to 2493 g/m2) were embedded. To determine the performance of the shielding material, three criteria were evaluated: (1) Dose Reduction Factor ((Formula presented.)), measured using inverse broad beam geometry; (2) uniformity, evaluated from the standard deviation ((Formula presented.)) of the x-ray image obtained using a clinical x-ray imaging detector; and (3) elasticity, evaluated by a compression test. Results: The elastic shield with small pores, containing 1200 g/m2 of the metal element (Bi), exhibited a well-balanced performance. The (Formula presented.) was approximately 80% for 70 kV diagnostic x-rays. This shield's elasticity was −0.62 N/mm, a loss of only 30% when compared to porous polyurethane without metal. Although the non-uniformity of the x-ray shield leads to poor shielding ability, it was found that the decrease in the shielding ability can be limited to a maximum of 6% when the shield is manufactured so that the (Formula presented.) of the x-ray image of the shield is less than 10%. Conclusions: It was verified that an elastic x-ray shield that offers an appropriate reduction in radiation exposure can be produced by embedding Bi2O3 particles into porous polyurethane. Our findings can lead to the development of novel x-ray shielding products that can reduce the physical and mental stress on users.