Relationship between Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and the Risk of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Introduction. Research shows the correlation between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) deletion and insertion (D/I) polymorphism and COVID-19 risk; yet, conclusive evidence is still lacking. Thus, a meta-analysis of relevant articles was performed to more accurately estimate the relationship of ACE I/D polymorphism with the risk of COVID-19. Material and Methods. Relevant literature from the PubMed database was systematically reviewed, and odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were measured. Additionally, the metapackage from Stata version 15.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results. The meta-analysis eventually contained 8 studies, including 1362 COVID-19 cases and 4312 controls. Based on the data, the ACE I/D polymorphism did not show an association with COVID-19 risk (D vs. I: (Formula presented.), 95% (Formula presented.) ; DD vs. II: (Formula presented.), 95% (Formula presented.) ; DI vs. II: (Formula presented.), 95% (Formula presented.) ; dominant model: (Formula presented.), 95% (Formula presented.) ; and recessive model: (Formula presented.), 95% (Formula presented.)). Further, subgroup analyses stratified based on case proved that the ACE D allele demonstrated an association with increasing risk of COVID-19 severity (D vs. I: (Formula presented.), 95% (Formula presented.) ; DD vs. II: (Formula presented.), 95% (Formula presented.) ; DI vs. II: (Formula presented.), 95% (Formula presented.) ; dominant model: (Formula presented.), 95% (Formula presented.) ; and recessive model: (Formula presented.), 95% (Formula presented.)). Conclusions. The ACE D allele was clearly related to an enhanced risk of COVID-19 severity. Hence, it is imperative to take into account the influence of genetic factors during the development of future vaccines.