An Overview on Phytotoxic Perspective of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Role of Chemical Structure in the Phytotoxicity

Abstract

Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are designable solvents having widespread applications. They have gained tremendous attention in the last few decades due to their inherent physicochemical properties, making them distinctive solvents from technological point of view. There are a large number of research articles published on physicochemical properties and applications of ILs and DESs, however, limited research work is available on the phytotoxic effect of ILs and DESs. They are considered as environmentally friendly greener solvents, however, during experimental work, it has been found that they are not always as green as desired. It has been reported that ILs and DESs have phytotoxic properties and effect both aquatic and terrestrial plants. Here the phototoxic problems of ILs and DESs are reviewed. Similar to the traditional solvents, the aforementioned solvents are not safe, and it is important to determine their phytotoxicity prior to highlighting their potential applications. This review will help researchers to design new eco-friendly ILs and DESs, which can fulfil the twelve principles of green chemistry.