Layer formation in double-diffusive convection diagnosed in sorted buoyancy coordinates

Abstract

Double-diffusive convection can arise when the fluid density is set by multiple species which diffuse at different rates. Different flow regimes are possible depending on the distribution of the diffusing species, including salt fingering and diffusive convection. Flows arising from diffusive convection commonly exhibit step-like density profiles with sharp density interfaces separated by well-mixed layers. The formation of density layers is also seen in stratified turbulence, where a framework based on sorted density coordinates (Winters & D'Asaro 1996 J. Fluid Mech. 317, 179-193) has been used to diagnose layer formation (Zhou et al. 2017 J. Fluid Mech. 823, 198-229; Taylor & Zhou 2017 J. Fluid Mech. 823, R5). In this framework, the evolution of the sorted density profile can be expressed solely in terms of the eddy diffusivity,. Here, we use the same framework to diagnose layer formation in two-dimensional simulations of double-diffusive convection. We show that is negative everywhere, with the antidiffusive effect strongest in 'well-mixed' layers where a positive diffusion coefficient may be expected. By considering a decomposition of the budget of the square of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, we demonstrate that the density layers are maintained by fundamentally different processes than in single-component stratified turbulence. In more complicated flows where stratified turbulence and double-diffusive convection can coexist, this framework could provide a method to distinguish between the mechanisms responsible for generating density layers. The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press.