Utilization of semi-coke of Estonian shale oil industry

Abstract

Semi-coke (spent shale) from Kiviter retorts containing organic matter and stored in semi-coke dumps is one of the main problems of Estonian oil shale industry. In 2005 the proposed charge of storing environmentally hazardous semi-coke will be 4.5 times more than that of oil shale ash. This may make shale oil production economically unprofitable. In this paper some methods of semi-coke utilization are presented.