Transforming growth factor-β type II receptor and Smad proteins in follicular thyroid tumors

Abstract

Objective: Resistance to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-mediated cell growth inhibition is a well-known pathogenic mechanism in epithelial neoplasia. TGF-β signaling requires normal function of downstream mediators such as TGF-β receptors (TβRs) and Smad proteins. The goal of this study is to investigate the expression of components of the TGF-β signaling pathway in follicular tumors of the thyroid. Study Design: Twenty follicular thyroid neoplasms were classified as adenomas (11) or minimally invasive follicular carcinomas (9) according to current pathological criteria. Protein expression was evaluated to identify differences between benign and malignant tumors that could be used as an adjunct to histopathological analysis. Methods: Paraffinembedded tissue sections containing tumor and adjacent nonneoplastic parenchyma were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of TβR type II (TβR-II) and Smad2, Smad4, Smad6, and Smad7. Expression of each protein in the tumor was compared with that of the corresponding adjacent nonneoplastic thyroid parenchyma. Results: TβR-II expression was lost in 78% of the carcinomas. In the remaining 22%, TβR-II was preserved but Smad2 expression was lost. In all conventional adenomas, however, TβR-II expression was maintained. Furthermore, all tumors with normal expression of all proteins were adenomas. Conclusions: Downregulation of TβR-II is a consistent abnormality in follicular carcinomas and can be used to differentiate minimally invasive carcinomas from adenomas. Also, downregulation of Smad proteins is another mechanism by which carcinomas can become independent from TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition.