Quantifying Windows File Slack Size and Stability

Abstract

Slack space can be used to hide data from the operating system and other users. While some forms of data hiding are easily detectable, others are subtle and require an experienced forensic practitioner to discover the hidden data. The amount of data that can be hidden varies with the type of slack space and environmental parameters such as filesystem block size and partition alignment. This paper evaluates the amount of file slack space available in Windows systems and the stability of slack space over time with respect to system updates. Measurements of the file slack for eighteen versions of Microsoft Windows with the NTFS filesystem reveal that many of the files change very little during system updates and are, thus, highly suitable for hiding data. A model is presented for estimating the amount of data that can be hidden in the file slack space of Windows filesystems of arbitrary size. © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2013.