Advances in energy storage technologies for renewable energy systems: bridging intermittency and sustainable integration

Abstract

The increasing use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, hydropower, and wind, has prompted the need for advanced energy storage technologies to address the intermittent challenges associated with these sources. Effective energy storage solutions are essential for ensuring grid stability, enhancing energy security, and facilitating the largescale integration of renewables. The present study explores recent advancements in energy storage technologies, focusing on electrochemical, mechanical, thermal, and hydrogen-based storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries continue to dominate the market due to their high efficiency and energy density. However, emerging alternatives, including solid-state batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and redox flow batteries, offer promising improvements in cost, safety, and sustainability. Hydrogen storage techniques and supercapacitors are also gaining attention as complementary solutions. This study examines the role of hybrid storage systems and smart energy management strategies in optimizing energy utilization. A critical analysis of the latest developments is presented, along with an assessment of existing challenges and future research directions.