Fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on a nanocomposite of CoO@f-CNTs for determination of tramadol narcotic drug in urine of athlete volunteers

Abstract

The current research is focused on the development of a stable, sensitive, and selective electrochemical sensor made up of CoO nanoparticles and functionalized carbon nanotubes (CoO@f-CNTs) for the detection of tramadol as a narcotic in urine for doping analysis. The CoO@f-CNTs nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode was made using an electrodeposition approach (GCE). The electrodeposition of a well-crystalline CoO@f-CNTs nanocomposite on GCE was confirmed by structural studies utilizing XRD and SEM analysis. Electrochemical studies using DPV and amperometry revealed that f-CNTs and CoO nanoparticles had a synergistic electrocatalytic effect in promoting charge transfer in the oxidation of tramadol as a sensitive and selective sensor with a linear range of 1 to 300 μM. The detection limit and sensitivity were calculated to be 0.44971μA/μM and 6 nM, respectively. The usefulness and precision of CoO@f-CNTs/GCE for determining tramadol in prepared real samples from urine samples of athlete volunteers were explored. The results showed that the ELISA and amperometric analyses had a high level of agreement, and the recovery (98.50% to 100.50%) and RSD (3.33% to 4.18%) values were acceptable. The findings showed that the suggested approach has adequate validity, precision, and high promise for practical urine sample analysis.