Leucemia congénita

Abstract

Congenital leukemia is a rare but well documented disease which can be diagnosed on the first 30 days of life. The diagnosis requires a high index of clinical suspicion in a newborn with hepatosplenomegaly and hemorragic or infiltratives cutaneous lesions (red, brown or purple papules or nodules) along with further investigations such as complete blood count, peripheral blood smear, bone marrow aspirate and immunopfenotypic profile. A true congenital leukemia has to be distinguished from other conditions such as a transient mieloproliferative disorder described in Down's syndrome and congenital infections. The prognosis of neonatal leukemia is dismal. Treatment includes intensive multi-agent chemotherapy and supportive care, being the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation an additional treatment option in a group of patients.