Chemical composition, ethnopharmacology and biological activity of Geissospermum Allemão species (Apocynaceae Juss.)

Abstract

The chemistry and pharmacology literature on Geissospermum is surveyed. Pau-pereira or pao pereira (G. laeve (Vell.) Miers; G. vellosii Fr. All. is a synonym) is the best known of approximately six Geissospermum species. Pau-pereira bark is mainly used for its bitterness and medicinal properties. It is used to treat pain, liver ailments, fevers, appetite loss, indigestion, dizziness, constipation and malaria, among other ailments. The other Geissospermum species have similar traditional uses. Pau-pereira provides monoterpenoid indole alkaloid rich extracts and fractions and pure isolates that comprise formulations used in clinical practice for the treatment of prostate cancer (flavopereirine) and HIV-AIDS (flavopereirine). Also, G. vellosii extracts exhibit pronounced antinociceptive activity in animals (perhaps due to 12-methoxy-1-methylaspidospermine). Induced amnesia in mice is reduced by pau-pereira extracts and geissospermine which also have anticholinesterase activity and potential application against Alzheimer´s Disease. G. argenteum Woodson extracts exhibit in vitro antibacterial activity. Extracts of three Geissospermum species and isolated alkaloids aspidocarpine, flavopereirine, and geissolosimine strongly inhibit the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum Welch in vitro. Two Geissospermum species inhibit Plasmodium yoelii in rodents and exhibit toxicity. Geissospermum extracts and alkaloids inhibit P. falciparum, Leishmania infantum Nicolle and Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas and deserve further study as therapeutic agents.