Integration of Solar and Wind Energy into Public Grid-Connected Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: A Comprehensive Review of Technological Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions

Abstract

Citation: M. Choifin, "Integration of solar and wind energy in public grid-connected electric vehicle charging stations: A comprehensive review of technological advances, challenges, and future directions," Abstract: Integrating solar and wind energy into grid-connected electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) offers a promising pathway toward sustainable mobility by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, decreasing dependence on fossil fuels, and alleviating stress on power grids. This study systematically reviewed recent advancement in hybrid solar-wind systems to shed light on their design optimization, energy management strategies, techno-economic feasibility, and environmental impact. The review was conducted as per PRISMA 2020 guidelines, utilizing major databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect. A refined set of highly relevant studies from hundreds of screened publications was analysed, using standardized evaluation criteria to ensure comparability across different research outcomes. Findings indicated that grid-connected EVCS powered by hybrid renewable systems could enhance reliability, improve cost-effectiveness, and reduce substantial emissions. Advanced control techniques and energy management systems including artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, and optimization algorithms have demonstrated effectiveness in improving operational efficiency, supporting integration with storage systems, and enabling vehicle-to-grid (V2G) functions. Nevertheless, there are challenges regarding scalability, limited real-world validation, and a lack of standardized performance metrics. EVCSs, based on renewable energy, hold strong potential for supporting sustainable transportation infrastructure; therefore, future research should focus on long-term field demonstrations to develop benchmark datasets, and explore practical business models for V2G integration in order to accelerate large-scale adoption.